This well-illustrated encyclopedia--with color and bandw photographs, graphics, maps, textboxes, and global examples--encompasses timely bilingualism-related topics and areas such as: information technology, the Internet, the economy, professions, religion, tourism, and language marketing. Entries are sorted into sections on the sociological and psychological aspects of individual bilingualism, languages in society, languages in contact in the world, and undoubtedly the most controversial in the US: bilingual education (including a discussion of the sometimes overlooked area of bilingual education for students with special needs). Includes a bibliography of approximately 2,000 references and an extensive glossary. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR Distributed by Syndetic Solutions, Inc.

Colin Baker was educated at the University of Wales, successively being an undergraduate, postgraduate, lecturer and senior lecturer at Bangor. He holds a Personal Chair of the University of Wales and is currently Professor of Education at Bangor. Distributed by Syndetic Solutions, Inc.

Foreword	vi
Preface	vii
Acknowledgements	viii
Section 1 Individual Bilingualism
Who is a Bilingual?
1 Defining Bilingualism	2
2 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Bilingualism	6
3 Two Views of Bilinguals: Two Halves or One Whole?	9
4 Balanced Bilinguals	12
5 Double 'Semilingualism'	14
6 Prestigious Bilingualism	15
7 Multilingualism	17
8 Personality, Social Development, Identity and Bilingualism	22
Bilingualism and the Family
1 Types of Bilingual Family	28
2 The Development of Bilingualism in Children	36
3 Bilingualism and Marriage	44
4 Mother Tongue	47
The Everyday Language Use of Bilinguals
1 Language Choice	51
2 Bilingualism and Sensitivity in Communication	54
3 Codeswitching	58
Bilingualism and Thinking
1 Bilingualism and Intelligence	62
2 Bilingualism and Creative Thinking	66
3 Field Dependency and Independency and Bilingualism	69
4 Piaget and Bilingualism	70
5 Bilingualism and Metalinguistic Awareness	71
6 Thresholds Theory	74
7 Common Underlying Proficiency and Separate Underlying Proficiency	81
8 Bilingualism and the Brain	83
The Measurement of Bilingualism
1 Measuring Bilinguals	86
2 Bilingual Proficiency	90
Section 2 Languages in Society
Bilingualism in Communities
1 Language Communities	96
2 Types of Language Minority	99
3 Immigration, Emigration and Language	104
4 Ethnic Identity	112
5 Diglossia	117
6 Languages of Wider Communication	122
Language Change
1 The Origins of Language and Language Families	127
2 The Origins of Bilingualism	133
3 Dialects and Language Boundaries	135
4 Pidgins and Creoles	142
5 Language Shift, Language Decline and Language Death	150
6 Language Borrowings	164
7 Language Vitality	170
8 Attitudes to Languages	174
Language Maintenance and Planning
1 Language Maintenance	181
2 Language Revival and Reversal	186
3 Two Cases of Language Revival: Maori and Hebrew	195
4 Language Planning	203
5 Language Standardization	210
6 Linguistic Purism	217
7 Language Marketing	221
Bilingualism in the Modern World
1 Information Technology and Bilingualism	228
2 Bilingualism and the Internet	231
3 Translation and Interpretation	234
4 Religion and Bilingualism	245
5 Bilingualism and the Economy	250
6 Language Strategies for Business	258
7 Bilingual Professions	263
8 Bilingualism and the Mass Media	269
9 Bilingualism and Tourism	272
Bilingualism and Language Policies
1 Language as a Problem, a Right, and a Resource	276
2 The Assimilation of Language Minorities	287
3 Integration and Language Minorities	296
4 Multiculturalism	299
5 Major World Languages	302
6 Hispanics in the United States	307
7 World Englishes	311
8 Language Imperialism	319
9 Colonialism and Languages	324
10 Language and Nationalism	327
11 Conflict and Equilibrium	333
12 Language Activism	336
13 The Question of Languages in the European Union	339
Section 3 Languages in Contact in the World
Introduction	346
Africa	354
Asia	370
Australia and New Zealand	385
Caribbean	387
Central America	393
Europe	398
Middle East	426
North America	431
Oceania	448
South America	455
Section 4 Bilingual Education
The Aims of Bilingual Education
1 The Nature and Aims of Bilingual Education	464
2 Types of Bilingual Education	469
3 A Bilingual Education Model	473
'Weak' Forms of Bilingual Education
1 Submersion Education	476
2 Transitional Bilingual Education	479
3 Withdrawal Classes	483
'Strong' Forms of Bilingual Education
1 Bilingual Nursery Education	486
2 Immersion Bilingual Education	496
3 Language Maintenance Bilingual Education	508
4 Dual Language Schools	518
5 Dual Majority Language Bilingual Education	525
6 European Schools	527
7 International Schools	533
Bilingual Education and the Community
1 Home and School Relationships	537
2 A Framework for Language Minority Student Empowerment	540
Bilingual Education in the United States
1 A Brief History of Bilingual Education in the United States	545
2 Research on the Effectiveness of Bilingual Education	550
3 The Debate in the United States over Bilingual Education	555
Bilingual Education for Deaf and Hearing Impaired People
1 Deaf and Partially Hearing Bilingual People	563
2 Deaf Students and Bilingual Education	567
Bilingual Education for Students with Special Needs
1 Explanations of Under-Achievement in Bilinguals	570
2 Bilingualism and Learning Difficulties	572
3 Assessment and Bilingual Children	575
4 Bilingual Special Education	580
5 Language and Speech Therapy in a Bilingual Context	584
The Bilingual Classroom
1 Language Allocation in Bilingual Methodology	586
2 Bilingual Methodology in Welsh Classrooms	592
3 Literacy among Bilingual Students	596
4 The Development of Biliteracy	607
Multiculturalism in Education
1 Multicultural Education	614
2 Visits and Exchanges to Other Countries and Cultures	624
3 Language Awareness: Knowledge About Language	628
4 A Critical Awareness of Language	633
Bilingualism and Second Language Acquisition
1 An Introduction to Second Language Acquisition	635
2 A Framework of Second Language Acquisition	637
3 Theories of Second Language Acquisition and Learning	642
4 Krashen's Monitor Model	649
5 Instrumental and Integrative Motivation and Language Acquisition	651
6 Aptitude and Becoming Bilingual	655
7 Age and Becoming Bilingual	658
8 Second Language Retention	663
Second Language Learning in Education
1 Ten Dimensions of Classroom Language Learning	665
2 Foreign and Second Language Learning	667
3 Foreign and Second Language Teaching Approaches	670
4 The Communicative Approach	674
5 Different Modern Language Teaching Approaches	681
6 The Cultural Syllabus and the Multidimensional Language Curriculum	683
7 Modern Language Learning and Special Educational Needs Students	685
8 Adult Language Learning	688
9 The Ulpan Experience: From Israel to Wales and the Basque Country	693
Appendices
Glossary	698
Bibliography	708
Photographic Credits	748
Index	751

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