The most comprehensive and authoritative single volume text on the subject, the fourth edition of the acclaimed Oxford Handbook of Criminology combines state-of-the-art reviews of all the key topics with extensive references to aid further research. In addition to the analysis of the main theoretical perspectives, the book provides up-to-date coverage of research and policy developments concerning criminal justice, crime, criminalization, crime statistics, and their relationship to race, gender, youth cultures, and the political economy. The fourth edition has been substantially revised and updated, with new chapters on important areas such as cultural criminology, the governance of security, and diversity, crime and criminal justice. Developed to meet course requirements, the Oxford Handbook of Criminology is essential reading for all students and teachers of criminology and an indispensable sourcebook for professionals. Book jacket. Distributed by Syndetic Solutions, Inc.

Notes on Contributors	xvii
Introduction to the Fourth Edition	xxi
Guided Tour of the Online Resource Centre	xxvi
Part I Criminology: History and Theory
1 Sociological Theories of Crime	3
Introduction: The Development of Criminology in Britain	3
Sociological Criminology	7
Crime and Control	8
Crime, Control, and Space	18
Radical Criminology	23
Functionalist Criminology	26
Signification	28
Criminology as an Eclectic Discipline	33
Prospects for the Future	34
2 Criminological Psychology	43
Introduction	43
The Growth of Psychology	44
Psychology and Criminology: Early Accord	46
Psychology and Criminology: The Parting of the Ways	48
Psychology and Criminology: Little Common Ground	51
Psychology and Criminology: Not on Speaking Terms	57
Psychology and Criminology: Return to Cordiality?	65
Concluding Comment	70
3 Contemporary Landscapes of Crime, Order, and Control: Governance, Risk, and Globalization	78
Introduction	78
Governance	79
Risk	84
Globalization	88
Conclusion: Criminology, Culture, and Public Life	93
4 Cultural Criminology	102
Introduction	102
For a Sociologically Inspired Criminology	103
This is 'What is Cultural' about Cultural Criminology	105
Inside the 'Hall of Mirrors': Media, Representation, Meaning	108
Transgressive Subjects: Uncovering the Meanings and Emotions of Crime	111
Dangerous Knowledge	113
Conclusion	117
5 Historical Perspectives on Crime	122
Introduction	122
Theory	123
From Violence to Theft?	125
Statistical Data	128
Cultural History	131
Human Agency	132
Continuities, Discontinuities, and Connections	134
6 Comparing Criminal Justice	139
Why Study Criminal Justice Comparatively?	139
On Methods of Comparative Research	143
Approaches to Comparison	147
7 Diversity, Crime, and Criminal Justice	158
Introduction: From Difference to Diversity	158
Diversity and Crime	159
Difference, Diversity and Justice	166
Community, Diversity, and Human Rights	171
Part II The Social Construction of Crime and Crime Control
8 Legal Constructions of Crime	179
The Relationship between Criminal Law, Criminology, and Criminal Justice Studies	180
Criminal Law	182
Contextualizing Criminal Law: Criminological Perspectives	192
The Doctrinal Structure of Criminal Law: Questions for the Social Sciences	194
From Critical Criminal Law to Criminalization	196
9 No Turning Back: The Politics of Law and Order Into the Millennium	201
Introduction	201
British General Elections and 'Law and Order', 1945-2005	203
Pressure-Group and Interest-Group Politics	222
Matters of Scandal and Concern	231
Conclusions	234
10 Crime Data and Statistics	241
Introduction	241
Historical Overview: The Rise and Fall of Official Statistics	243
Interpreting the Statistics	254
Alternatives and Challenges to the Official Picture	276
Recent Developments and Emerging Issues	290
11 Media-Made Criminality: The Representation of Crime in the Mass Media	302
Crime in the Media: Subversion, Social Control, or Mental Chewing Gum?	302
The Content of Media Images of Crime	303
The Consequences of Media Images of Crime	315
The Causes of Media Representations of Crime	323
Observers or Players? The Media and Crime in Postmodernity	327
Part III Dimensions of Crime
12 Political Economy, Crime, and Criminal Justice	341
Introduction: Political Economy and Crime: A One-Sided Accentuation?	341
Political Economy and Criminological Theory	345
Economic Factors and Crime: What is the Empirical Evidence?	355
Political Economies, Crime, and Criminal Justice: Comparative and Historical Perspectives	363
Conclusion: Markets, Meanings, Morals	372
13 Gender and Crime	381
Introduction	381
Feminist Contributions to Criminology	381
The Early Feminist Critique of Criminology	383
Methodological Issues and Developments	385
Theoretical Work on Masculinity	387
Women, Men, and Crime	391
Gender, Crime, and Justice in Late Modernity	406
14 Ethnicities, Racism, Crime, and Criminal Justice	421
Setting the Context: Historical, Conceptual, and Contemporary	422
Redrawing the Parameters of the 'Race and Crime' Debate: Victimization and Offending	424
The Social Construction of Ethnicity and Criminality	429
Criminological Research on Ethnicity and Crime	430
The Police and Policing Minority Communities	434
Explaining Disproportionality	436
Prison and Probation	445
Minority Ethnic Employment in the Criminal Justice System	448
Conclusion: Challenges for Theory, Research, and Practice	450
15 Victims, Victimization, and Criminal Justice	461
Introduction	461
The Nature and Distribution of Victimization	462
Victims' Movements and Victims' Justice	470
Victims in the Criminal Justice Process	473
The Rise of Restorative Justice	481
Conclusion	487
16 Mentally Disordered Offenders, Mental Health, and Crime	496
Policy Development in England and Wales: A Context of Conflicting Themes	497
Mental Disorder and Offenders: A Case for Special Provision?	501
The Problem of Definition	503
Mentally Disordered Offenders: A Minority Group?	504
Mental Disorder, Offending Behaviour, and Treatment	511
Protective Sentencing: Procedural Safeguards versus Treatment	519
Conclusions	522
17 Place, Space, Crime, and Disorder	528
Place, Space, and Crime: A Brief History	530
Preliminary Methodological Issues	533
Explaining the Location of Offences	535
Socio-Spatial Dimensions of Incivilities and Disorder	550
Explaining the Location of Offender Residence	557
Integrating Socio-Spatial Criminology	567
Macro-Level Issues	568
18 Youth Crime and Youth Culture	575
Youth and Crime in Historical Context	575
Youth in Post-war Britain	577
Young People, Crime, and Victimization	585
Conclusion	595
19 Childhood Risk Factors and Risk-Focused Prevention	602
Introduction	602
Individual Risk Factors	608
Family Risk Factors	613
Explaining Development and Risk Factors	619
Risk-Focused Prevention	623
Conclusions	629
20 Crime and the Life Course	641
Problems of Method	642
The Extent of Specialization in Offending	646
The Extent of Stability and Change over the Life Course	651
Explaining Stability	662
Explaining Desistance	669
Conclusion	674
Part IV Forms of Crime
21 Violent Crime	687
Introduction	687
Attitudes to Violence and Constructions of Blame	689
Extent of Violent Crime and Risks of Victimization	692
Predicting and Explaining Violent Behaviour	703
Making Sense of Homicide	716
Responses to Violence: Recent Trends	718
Conclusions	722
22 White-Collar and Corporate Crime	733
Introduction	733
Seven Types of Ambiguity	736
White-Collar Crime as a Contested Concept	738
Is White-Collar Crime Really Crime?	741
Explaining the Causes of White-Collar Crime	742
White-Collar Crime in its Everyday Settings	748
The Ambivalent Response to White-Collar Crime	752
White-Collar Crime as an Index of Social Change	758
The Collateral Costs of Control	760
23 Organized Crime and Terrorism	771
Introduction	771
Analytical Issues in Defining the Nature of 'Organized Crime'	777
The Nature of Organized Crime and 'its' Markets	782
Terrorism and the Alleged Organized Crime-Terrorism Nexus	791
The Evolution of Crime and Terrorism Organization: Some Tentative Conclusions	794
24 Drugs, Alcohol, and Crime	810
Introduction	810
A Review of Trends in Drug and Alcohol Use: 1950s to 2005	811
The Control of Drugs: Britain and the Global Context	818
Conclusions	832
Part V Reactions to Crime
25 The Governance of Security: Pluralization, Privatization, and Polarization in Crime Control	841
Clarifying Key Terms	842
Key Features of Contemporary Security Governance	846
Prospects for Democratic Security Governance: Nodal Governance or Re-stating Security?	856
Conclusion	861
26 Crime Prevention and Community Safety	866
The Fall and Rise of Prevention	867
Conceptualizing Prevention	870
Situational Crime Prevention	872
Developmental Crime Prevention	882
Community Crime Prevention	884
Policy Developments in the UK	889
Conclusions	904
27 Policing and the Police	910
Introduction: Criminology and Policing	910
The Development of Police Research	911
'Police' and 'Policing'	912
Police Discretion: Its Nature, Operation, and Control	915
'New Tricks': Innovative Policing Strategies	927
Pluralization	932
Internationalization	937
Conclusion: Futures of Policing	941
28 From Suspect to Trial	953
Models of Criminal Justice	953
Police Decisions 'on the Street'	956
Detention in the Police Station	963
Whether or Not to Prosecute	971
Pre-Trial Processes	976
Conclusion	981
29 Sentencing	990
Sentencing and Politics	990
Rationales for Sentencing	992
The Mechanics of Sentencing	998
Custodial Sentencing	1006
Non-Custodial Sentencing	1014
Review of Policy and Practice	1018
30 Youth Justice	1024
The Background to the 1998 Reforms	1024
New Labour, New Youth Justice?	1032
The Reformed System in Practice	1042
Conclusion: Whither Youth Justice?	1055
31 Community Penalties: Probation, 'What Works', and Offender Management	1061
Introduction: Catching the Slippery Fish	1061
Current Community Penalties in England and Wales	1063
Origins: From Religious Mission to Social Casework	1066
'Nothing Works' and 'Alternatives to Custody'	1069
Just Deserts and 'Punishment in the Community'	1074
Community Penalties and Crime Reduction: The Rediscovery of Rehabilitation	1075
What Worked and What Didn't?	1079
After 'What Works', What Next? NOMS and the Future	1083
Some Critical Choices for the Future	1086
A Future for Probation?	1090
32 Imprisonment: An Expanding Scene	1100
Setting the Scene	1100
The Purpose of Imprisonment	1107
Who Are the Prisoners?	1118
The Sociology of Prisons	1126
Index	1139

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